Abstract

The rising world population puts more pressure on food security through sustainable agriculture. There are environmental and health concerns raised about the conventional chemical-based pesticides, and so, there is a demand for green alternatives. In rice fields, Biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma Spp.) Biochemicals (neem oil) and microbiological predators lead to up to 70 % reduction of use of chemicals, with an associated 30–35 % increase in yield. These are pest solutions that attack the pests through some toxins or behavioral modifications or through predation and help with integrated pest management. Moreover, biotechnological advances such as Lactiplanti bacillus plantarum fermentation and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing redouble the attractive taste of the berry, containing additional 15 20 % volatiles and flavonoid amounts displayed in raspberry experiments. Innovative technologies: nanotechnology, biostimulants enhance the performance of biopesticides and plant hardiness. Due to food scarcity and environmental challenges, farming commonly has limited, and regulatory barriers, particularly in developing regions. Biopesticides, genetically engineered crops, and nano-encapsulated crops are the future of agriculture to produce environmentally friendly food.