Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a major toxic gas emitted from vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and incomplete fuel combustion, posing serious environmental and health risks. Catalytic oxidation of CO into less harmful CO<inf>2</inf> is an effective strategy to reduce these emissions. In this study, we investigated the catalytic performance of platinum (Pt) single atoms doped on C<inf>3</inf>N monolayers with various vacancy defects, including single carbon (C<inf>V</inf>) and nitrogen (N<inf>V</inf>) vacancies, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrate that Pt@N<inf>V</inf>-C<inf>3</inf>N exhibited the most favorable catalytic properties, with the highest O<inf>2</inf> adsorption energy (−3.07 eV). This performance significantly outperforms Pt atoms doped at other vacancies. It can be attributed to the strong binding between Pt and nitrogen vacancies, which contributes to its excellent resistance to Pt aggregation. CO oxidation on Pt@N<inf>V</inf>-C<inf>3</inf>N proceeds via the Eley–Rideal (ER2) mechanism with a low activation barrier of 0.41 eV for the rate-determining step, indicating high catalytic efficiency at low temperatures. These findings suggest that Pt@N<inf>V</inf>-C<inf>3</inf>N is a promising candidate for CO oxidation, contributing to developing cost-effective and environmentally sustainable catalysts. The strong binding of Pt atoms to the nitrogen vacancies prevents aggregation, ensuring the stability and durability of the catalyst. The kinetic modeling further revealed that the ER2 mechanism offers the highest reaction rate constants over a wide temperature range (273–700 K). The low activation energy barrier also facilitates CO oxidation at lower temperatures, addressing critical challenges in automotive and industrial pollution control. This study provides valuable theoretical insights for designing advanced single-atom catalysts for environmental remediation applications.