Abstract

Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) represent a growing concern for global water security due to their persistence, bioactivity, and potential to induce genotoxic effects in aquatic organisms and humans. This review critically examines the current state of genotoxicity assessment for EOCs by integrating established testing frameworks with advanced omics-based approaches that unravel molecular pathways of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction. The discussion spans the classification, occurrence, and environmental fate of EOCs, highlighting case studies from urban, agricultural, and industrially impacted water systems. Emphasis is placed on the utility of in vivo and in vitro bioassays, model organisms such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia, and molecular biomarkers for evaluating genotoxic impacts. Beyond detection, the review underscores challenges in regulatory frameworks, identifies gaps in linking genotoxicity data with risk models and safety thresholds, and calls for the integration of such data into water quality management policies. Future directions are proposed, including innovative monitoring technologies, improved toxicological models, and sustainable remediation strategies. By bridging environmental science, molecular toxicology, and public health, this review highlights the urgent need to strengthen our understanding of EOC-induced genetic damage to safeguard biodiversity, water quality, and long-term human health.