Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern, and natural enzyme inhibitors represent a promising alternative to synthetic medications. This study evaluated the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of original nipa palm vinegar (ONPV) and spray‑dried nipa palm vinegar powder (P-NPV). Bioactive compounds were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction, and their inhibitory effects were assessed using standard enzyme assays. LC‑MS was used to identify major phenolic constituents. P-NPV showed stronger α-amylase inhibition (IC<inf>50</inf> = 34.46 ± 2.08 mg/mL) than ONPV (IC<inf>50</inf> = 81.21 ± 3.29 mg/mL), while ONPV exhibited superior α‑glucosidase inhibition (IC<inf>50</inf> = 62.58 ± 1.68 mg/mL). LC‑MS analysis revealed higher levels of ascorbic acid, rutin, and kaempferol in O‑NPV compared to P‑NPV. These findings indicate that NPV possesses significant in vitro anti-hyperglycemic potential and may serve as a functional ingredient to support T2DM management, pending confirmation in in vivo and clinical studies.